Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. In the . He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. 0000000868 00000 n The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. 3. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. 4. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. Half of the Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. To achieve consonance, something has to give. Which of the following statements is TRUE? These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. His data, however did not support this idea. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. J. abnorm. trailer This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. A theory of cognitive dissonance. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. Social Researcher. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Vince's behavior is an example of. Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. endobj The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. 0 correct. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. He did this for one-half hour. /O 49 He must be a genius." Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. anything important? Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. The five ratings were: 1. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. In groupthink, members of the group______. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. 2. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? 2. in order to reduce dissonance. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. 51 0 obj Psy 301: Social Psychology << Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. Yet no one calls the police. Harry's belief is based on. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . 112 The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." Cognitive Dissonance. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. 0000094931 00000 n Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. endobj Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= He called it the Sacrifice Trap: D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. (p.3). Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. %%EOF 52 0 obj What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. 48 0 obj (The secretary had left the office.) The participants were 71 male students in totality. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Don't have time for it all now? When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. I hope you did enjoy it. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). %PDF-1.5 Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. 109 0 obj <>stream 0000010779 00000 n enjoyable than the others would. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. 5. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? <> In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. An internet resource developed by When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. How are these 100 people likely to respond? The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. /Parent 45 0 R In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. You have created 2 folders. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? The results were surprising to Festinger. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. hbbd``b` H? Don't see what you need? The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). ", 3. That is it. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. /Info 46 0 R John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time.