Many Italians were still hostile to Austria's continuing occupation of ethnically Italian areas, and Italy chose not to enter. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The survivors retreated to the positions of those led by Garibaldi on the Italian border. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Forty-nine Italian soldiers and four officers, and nineteen papal troops, died. As a result of this France received Nice and Savoy in 1860. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 formally ended the rule of the Holy Roman Emperors in Italy. No one had had the desire or the resources to revive Napoleons partial experiment in unification. Ferdinand abolished the constitution and began systematically persecuting known revolutionaries. Meanwhile, Naples had declared a state of siege, and on 6 September the king gathered the 4,000 troops still faithful to him and retreated over the Volturno river. All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia; The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza; The Duchy of Modena and Reggio; The Duchy of Massa and Carrara; The Duchy of Lucca; The Grand Duchy of Tuscany; The Most Serene Republic of San Marino; The Republic of Cospaia; The Papal State; Leading Renaissance Italian writers Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli and Guicciardini expressed opposition to foreign domination. Italy was divided into seven states over the middle of the 19th century. [85] In response to the depictions of southern Italy, the Piedmontese parliament had to decide whether it should investigate the southern regions to better understand the social and political situations there or it should establish jurisdiction and order by using mostly force. Garibaldi's force, now numbering two thousand, turned south and set sail from Catania. Open Document. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the Revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871 after the Capture of Rome and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. However, the Peace of Cateau-Cambrsis (1559) saw parts of Italy fall under the direct or indirect control of the Habsburgs. The revolts in Modena and the Papal Legations inspired similar activity in the Duchy of Parma, where the tricolore flag was adopted. Niccol Tommaseo, the editor of the Italian Language Dictionary in eight volumes, was a precursor of the Italian irredentism and his works are a rare examples of a metropolitan culture above nationalism; he supported the liberal revolution headed by Daniele Manin against the Austrian Empire and he will always support the unification of Italy. Italy, before its unification, was divided into seven states: Sardinia-Piedmont, ruled by an Italian princely house; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Papal state; Lombardy and Venetia, ruled by Austrians; Tuscany, Modena and Parma. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. seven states of italy before unification. 5 What were the 7 states of Italy before unification? It comprises the boot-shaped peninsula extending far into the Mediterranean Sea as well as Sicily, Sardinia, and a number of smaller islands. Francis II of the Two Sicilies, the son and successor of Ferdinand II (the infamous "King Bomba"), had a well-organized army of 150,000 men. The king's regent, prince Charles Albert, acting while the king Charles Felix was away, approved a new constitution to appease the revolutionaries, but when the king returned he disavowed the constitution and requested assistance from the Holy Alliance. [19], An important figure of this period was Francesco Melzi d'Eril, serving as vice-president of the Napoleonic Italian Republic (18021805) and consistent supporter of the Italian unification ideals that would lead to the Italian Risorgimento shortly after his death. Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Exile became a central theme of the foundational legacy of the Risorgimento as the narrative of the Italian nation fighting for independence. Its main object was to create among the Italians the spirit of self-sacrifice to die for the sake of their country. Italian exiles both challenged and embraced the stereotypes and typically presented gendered interpretations of Italy's political "degeneration". However, its anticlerical provisions were resented in the pro-clerical regions in places such as around Venice, Rome, and Naples as well as the island of Sicily. A similar process of consolidation can be traced in the history of modern Europe as a whole. Victor Emmanuel III had been king since 1900. The Italians entered the Papal States in September 1870 and, through the backing of a plebiscite held in early October, annexed the Papal States and Rome to the Kingdom of Italy. In Sicily the revolt resulted in the proclamation of the Kingdom of Sicily with Ruggero Settimo as Chairman of the independent state until 1849, when the Bourbon army took back full control of the island on 15 May 1849 by force.[43]. Area: 116,629 sq mi (302,068 sq km). On 23 February 1848, King Louis Philippe of France was forced to flee Paris, and a republic was proclaimed. Mazzini's activity in revolutionary movements caused him to be imprisoned soon after he joined. Unification of Italy The role of Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. Risorgimento was also depicted in famous novels: Before the defeat at Mentana on 3 November 1867,[75] Enrico Cairoli, his brother Giovanni, and 70 companions had made a daring attempt to take Rome. Clinic located in Orange City, specialized in Pain Control, Headache, Migraine, Menstrual Problems, Menopausal Syndrome, and Infertility - (818) 923-6345 Garibaldi distrusted the pragmatic Cavour since Cavour was the man ultimately responsible for orchestrating the French annexation of the city of Nice, which was his birthplace. On 18 February 1861, Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first Italian Parliament in Turin. The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. King Victor Emmanuel II sent Count Gustavo Ponza di San Martino to Pius IX with a personal letter offering a face-saving proposal that would have allowed the peaceful entry of the Italian Army into Rome, under the guise of offering protection to the pope. Bury, ed.. Full text of the constitution can be found at: Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective. The Pope was to expand his own army during that time so as to be self-sufficient. ", Anna Maria Rao, " Republicanism in Italy from the eighteenth century to the early Risorgimento,", Article 1 of the law n. 671 of 31 December 1996 ("National celebration of the bicentenary of the first national flag"), Roberto Romani, "Liberal theocracy in the Italian risorgimento. The Italian Wars saw 65 years of French attacks on some of the Italian states, starting with Charles VIII's invasion of Naples in 1494. Inspired by the Spaniards (who, in 1812, had created their constitution), a regiment in the army of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, commanded by Guglielmo Pepe, a Carbonaro (member of the secret republican organization),[34] mutinied, conquering the peninsular part of Two Sicilies. Southern Italy, however, was governed by the long-lasting Kingdom of Sicily or Kingdom of Naples, which had been established by the Normans. It features Burt Lancaster as the eponymous character, the Prince of Salina. In January 1848 revolts broke out in Sicily were the King's forces were . These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Italy, including the Papal States, then became the site of proxy wars between the major powers, notably the Holy Roman Empire (including Austria), Spain, and France. In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy, the papal States, which became part of Italy in 1870 when France withdrew its troops from Rome. Name (required) Email (required) he was thinking about Mentana. [69] Austria tried to persuade the Italian government to accept Venetia in exchange for non-intervention. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Austria-Hungary promoted Croatian interests in Dalmatia and Istria to weaken Italian claims in the western Balkans before the First World War. All the different states had different traditions, languages and levels of economic and social development. Though Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion en masse, holding firm along the Volturno River. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title of King of Italy merged with the office of Holy Roman Emperor. Categories The process began in 1815, with the Congress of Vienna acting as a detonator, and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire.[4][5][6]. Published by at January 31, 2022. Italy, up until the Italian unification in 1861, was a conglomeration of city-states, republics, and other independent entities. The Leopard is a film from 1963, based on the novel by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, and directed by Luchino Visconti. Summary For many centuries, the Italian peninsula was a politically fragmented conglomeration of states. (pic credit: Google Images; Kingdom of Lombard-Venetia was one) These 7 states were:- Piedmont-Sardinia Lombardy-Venetia/Venice Parma Modena Tuscany In November 1848, following the assassination of his Minister Pellegrino Rossi, Pius IX fled just before Giuseppe Garibaldi and other patriots arrived in Rome. Although now convinced of his unavoidable defeat, Pius IX remained intransigent to the bitter end and forced his troops to put up a token resistance. The French Republic spread republican principles, and the institutions of republican governments promoted citizenship over the rule of the Bourbons and Habsburgs and other dynasties. However, the Spanish branch of the Habsburg dynasty, which ruled the Spanish Empire, continued to rule Southern Italy and the Duchy of Milan down to the War of the Spanish Succession (170114). By this time, in sculpture, a veiled woman in the style of the Veiled Rebecca of Benzoni had become an allegory for Italian unification.[106]. 0. Victor Emmanuel II (r. 1861-1878) last King of Sardinia and first king of united Italy. Rather, being deposed and stripped of much of his former power also removed a measure of personal protectionif he had walked the streets of Rome he might have been in danger from political opponents who had formerly kept their views private. The Gallic forests) in Act 2, the Italians began to greet the chorus with loud applause and to yell the word "War!" (iv) Out of seven, only one Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House. The results of this plebiscite were accepted by decree of 9 October. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. [21], Three ideals of unification appeared. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This map represents Italy in 1858 before the unification of the states. Comments. station 19 fanfiction maya injured; morgan bay boats for sale; camden football fight; razer kraken v2 randomly disconnects; ark magmasaur fertilized egg spawn command; The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [108], Risorgimento won the support of many leading Italian opera composers. With the intervention of a British admiral, an armistice was declared, leading to the Neapolitan troops' departure and surrender of the town to Garibaldi and his much smaller army. "Austria versus the Risorgimento: A New Look at Austria's Italian strategy in the 1860s.". "[81] Cavour died unexpectedly in June 1861, at 50, and most of the many promises that he made to regional authorities to induce them to join the newly unified Italian kingdom were ignored. There was no longer a papal army to oppose him, and the march southward proceeded unopposed. The common people in each region, and even the intellectual elite, spoke their mutually unintelligible dialects, and lacked the least vestiges of national consciousness. With the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the absolutist monarchical regimes, the Italian tricolour went underground, becoming the symbol of the patriotic ferments that began to spread in Italy[16][17] and the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed that the government would support him if he attacked Rome. Doubt, confusion, and dismay overtook the Neapolitan courtthe king hastily summoned his ministry and offered to restore an earlier constitution, but these efforts failed to rebuild the peoples' trust in Bourbon governance. The writer and patriot Luigi Settembrini published anonymously the Protest of the People of the Two Sicilies, a scathing indictment of the Bourbon government and was imprisoned and exiled several times by the Bourbons because of his support to Risorgimento; after the formation of the Kingdom of Italy, he was appointed professor of Italian literature at the University of Naples. Italians were scattered over various dynastic states as well as multi-national Habsburg Empire. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Garibaldi and Mazzini once again fled into exilein 1850 Garibaldi went to New York City. This was because neither France, Austria, nor Sardinia wanted to risk another battle and could not handle further fighting. [102], Italy celebrates the anniversary of the unification every fifty years, on 17 March (the date of proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy). (a) Freedom of Italy from the subjugating rule of the Ottoman rulers. Subsequently, a French garrison remained in Civitavecchia until August 1870, when it was recalled following the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. Insurrection provinces planned to unite as the Province Italiane unite (United Italian Provinces), which prompted Pope Gregory XVI to ask for Austrian help against the rebels. The Austrians planned to use their army to beat the Sardinians before the French could come to their aid. Italian: I Promessi Sposi) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. On 14 May Garibaldi proclaimed himself dictator of Sicily, in the name of Victor Emmanuel. Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted, nor, being reconstituted, would have endured.[80]. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Throwing the King's letter upon the table he exclaimed, "Fine loyalty! seven states of italy before unification. school cross country distances australia; door glass insert with blinds between glass; craigslist revelstoke rentals; examples of female athletes being sexualized Hayez's three paintings on the Sicilian Vespers are an implicit protest against the foreign domination of Italy. You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith." Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son, Victor Emmanuel II, and Piedmontese ambitions to unite Italy or conquer Lombardy were, for the moment, brought to an end. Umberto II (Italian: Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria di Savoia; 15 September 1904 18 March 1983) was the last King of Italy. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day, Prior to the Napoleonic invasion into northern Italy in 1796, the Italian Peninsula was divided into ten states: the Kingdom of Sardinia, including Piedmont; the Duchy of Milan (part of the Habsburg Empire); the republics of Venice, Genoa, and Lucca; the Papal State; the duchies of Modena and Parma; the Grand-Duchy of . The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by Italian partisans from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic in 1944 during the Second World War. Secondly, the patriots realized that the Pope was an enemy, and could never be the leader of a united Italy. ", Gavriel Shapiro, "Nabokov and Pellico: Invitation to a Beheading and My Prisons.". National and regional officials were all appointed by Piedmont. Venice Academic Press, 1999, Francesco Saverio Nitti, L'Italia all'alba del secolo XX, Casa Editrice Nazionale Roux e Viarengo, Torino-Roma, 1901, Francesco Saverio Nitti, Domenico De Masi, Napoli e la questione meridionale, Guida, Napoli, 2004, Lucy Riall, "Which road to the south? During the night of 22 October 1867, the group was surrounded by Papal Zouaves, and Giovanni was severely wounded. The Piedmont revolt started in Alessandria, where troops adopted the green, white, and red tricolore of the Cisalpine Republic. By Posted does sonny's bbq serve alcohol In rule breaker snacks net worth 0. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Advertisement The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. Instead, the Italian patriots learned some lessons that made them much more effective at the next opportunity in 1860. Louis-Philippe withheld any military help and even arrested Italian patriots living in France. The Unification of Italy and Germany Nationalism and Enlightenment ideas energized people in Europe to push for more democratic forms of government in the 1800's. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it inspired people to revolt against European rule and seek to create their own nations. Their army was slow to enter the capital of Sardinia, taking almost ten days to travel the 80 kilometres (50mi). In the meantime, Giuseppe Garibaldi, a native of Nice, was deeply resentful of the French annexation of his home city. The States of South Italy were placed under the Bourbon kings of Spain. According to an eyewitness,[76] when Giovanni died on 11 September 1869: In the last moments, he had a vision of Garibaldi and seemed to greet him with enthusiasm. This resounding success demonstrated the weakness of the Neapolitan government. The Carboneria disowned Napoleon but nevertheless were inspired by the principles of the French Revolution regarding liberty, equality and fraternity. Manenti, Luca G., "Italian Freemasonry from the Eighteenth Century to Unification. His courage boosted by his resolute young wife, Queen Marie Sophie, Francis mounted a stubborn defence that lasted three months. [84], From the spring of 1860 to the summer of 1861, a major challenge that the Piedmontese parliament faced on national unification was how they should govern and control the southern regions of the country that were frequently represented and described by northern Italian correspondents as "corrupt", "barbaric", and "uncivilized". The war ended with a treaty signed on 9 August. When Italian states were unified under one flag and constitution, they began to prosper economically and culturally. Napoleon, however, may have arranged with Cavour to let the king of Sardinia free to take possession of Naples, Umbria and the other provinces, provided that Rome and the "Patrimony of St. Peter" were left intact.[62]. The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno dItalia) was a state that existed from 1861when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italyuntil 1946, when civil discontent led an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic. The unification of Italy and Germany was carried out by conservative powers using militarism and nationalism discourse to accomplish their own objectives rather than by liberal and nationalist-influenced mass rebellions. In early August, the French Emperor Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome, thus no longer providing protection to the Papal State. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". What does the yellow exclamation mark mean on my BMW? On 9 October, Victor Emmanuel arrived and took command. 1. What experience do you need to become a teacher? In 1855, the kingdom became an ally of Britain and France in the Crimean War, which gave Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers. They assembled a band of about twenty men ready to sacrifice their lives and set sail on their venture on 12 June 1844. Garibaldi's fame spread and many Italians began to consider him a national hero. Some parts of Central Italy and Rome went under the control of the Pope. seven states of italy before unificationboone county wv obituaries. The Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars destroyed the old structures of feudalism in Italy and introduced modern ideas and efficient legal authority; it provided much of the intellectual force and social capital that fueled unification movements for decades after it collapsed in 1814.[8]. On 17 March 1861, the Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy, and on 27 March 1861 Rome was declared Capital of Italy, even though it was not yet in the new Kingdom. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic. Giovanni Berchet wrote a poetry characterized by a high moral, popular and social content; he also contributed to Il Conciliatore, a progressive bi-weekly scientific and literary journal, influential in the early Risorgimento that was published in Milan from September 1818 until October 1819 when it was closed by the Austrian censors; its writers included also Ludovico di Breme, Giuseppe Nicolini, and Silvio Pellico. Following his release in 1831, he went to Marseille in France, where he organized a new political society called La Giovine Italia (Young Italy), whose mottos were "Dio e Popolo" (God and People) and "Unione, Forza e Libert" (Union, Strength and Freedom),[28][29] which sought the unification of Italy. I heard (so says a friend who was present) him say three times: "The union of the French to the papal political supporters was the terrible fact!" In the peace treaty of Vienna, it was written that the annexation of Venetia would have become effective only after a referendumtaken on 21 and 22 Octoberto let the Venetian people express their will about being annexed or not to the Kingdom of Italy. [103] While remaining a working day, 17 March is considered a "day promoting the values linked to national identity". Kingdom of Italy in 1870, showing the Papal States, before the Capture of Rome. The following day, Garibaldi's volunteers defeated an Austrian force in the Battle of Bezzecca, and moved toward Trento.[71]. Garibaldi's irregular bands of about 25,000 men could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. In particular, the chorus of the Hebrew slaves (known as "Va, pensiero") from the third act of the opera Nabucco was intended to be an anthem for Italian patriots, who were seeking to unify their country and free it from foreign control in the years up to 1861 (the chorus's theme of exiles singing about their homeland, and its lines such as O mia patria, si bella e perduta "O my country, so lovely and so lost" were thought to have resonated with many Italians). He escaped to South America, though, spending fourteen years in exile, taking part in several wars, and learning the art of guerrilla warfare before his return to Italy in 1848. When the Kingdom of Italy extended the free-market economy to the rest of the country, the South's economy collapsed under the weight of the North's. In April, a French force under Charles Oudinot was sent to Rome. Beauharnais tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the new Kingdom of Italy, and on 30 March 1815, Murat issued the Rimini Proclamation, which called on Italians to revolt against their Austrian occupiers. Italian Unification (Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence") was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy.The Southern, republican drive for unification was led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, while the Northern, royalist drive was led by Camillo B, royalist enso, conte di Cavour. [30], Garibaldi, a native of Nice (then part of Piedmont), participated in an uprising in Piedmont in 1834 and was sentenced to death. A void was left that the Carboneria filled with a movement that closely resembled Freemasonry but with a commitment to Italian nationalism and no association with Napoleon and his government. [111], The relationship between Gaetano Donizetti and the Risorgimento is still controversial. [55], Thus, by early 1860, only five states remained in Italythe Austrians in Venetia, the Papal States (now minus the Legations), the new expanded Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and San Marino.[58][59][60]. Napoleon had invaded Italy in 1796, so unification was not possible until he was defeated in 1814. Published by at June 13, 2022. The monarchs who had reluctantly agreed to constitutions in March came into conflict with their constitutional ministers. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? Reviews of the historical facts concerning Italian unification's successes and failures continue to be undertaken by domestic and foreign academic authors, including Denis Mack Smith, Christopher Duggan, and Lucy Riall. On 28 August the two forces met in the Aspromonte. A breakaway republican provisional government formed in Tuscany during February shortly after this concession. The Papal troops under Lamoricire advanced against Cialdini, but were quickly defeated and besieged in the fortress of Ancona, finally surrendering on 29 September. Many supporters of revolution in Sicily, including the scholar Michele Amari, were forced into exile during the decades that followed. After a two-month siege, Rome capitulated on 29 June 1849 and the Pope was restored. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. [79], For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome, where he had many friends and relations. A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. these were the states in center of Italy. Within three days, the invading force had swelled to 4,000 men. The recognition of these 2 different nationalist initiatives resulted in consequences beyond the two countries involved. Piedmont-Sardinia was the most powerful state in Italy before its unification. However, the emperor was an absentee German-speaking foreigner who had little concern for the governance of Italy as a state; as a result, Italy gradually developed into a system of city-states. He called Enrico many times, that he might help him, then he said: "but we will certainly win; we will go to Rome!". Verdi later became disillusioned by politics, but he was personally active part in the political world of events of the Risorgimento and was elected to the first Italian parliament in 1861. The United States officially recognized the Kingdom of Italy when it accepted the credentials of Chevalier Joseph Bertinatti as Minister Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of Italy on April 11, 1861. [83] Most people for Risorgimento had wanted strong provinces, but they got a strong central state instead. The Papacy, however, exhibited something less than enthusiasm for the plan: The Pope's reception of San Martino (10 September 1870) was unfriendly. What were the 7 states of Italy before unification? Giacomo Leopardi was one of the most important poets of Risorgimento thanks to works such as Canzone all'Italia and Risorgimento. There were obstacles, however. The Carbonari condemned Napoleon III (who, as a young man, had fought on their side) to death for failing to unite Italy, and the group almost succeeded in assassinating him in 1858, when Felice Orsini, Giovanni Andrea Pieri, Carlo Di Rudio and Andrea Gomez launched three bombs at him. 3. At the end of August, Garibaldi was at Cosenza, and, on 5 September, at Eboli, near Salerno. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.
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