[67], The spire above the tower is composed of eight stages of elaborate octagonal structure, linked together by interlaced arches and pinnacles, which contain a stairway to the lantern at the top. This is a real masterpiece of high Gothic. The Director of public works of Strasbourg, Grold, quickly took down and protected the statues of the portal, but 215 statues of the voussures over the portals were smashed with hammers, as were the angels atop the gables on the facade, and the crowns and sceptres of the statues of the kings. Thanks to 3D reconstructions of. Cathedral. Find Strasbourg Strasbourg Cathedral stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. It was constructed beginning in about 1330, following the rebuilding of the transept. As it turns, it shows the 1,022 stars identified by Ptolemy, as viewed above the horizon of Strasbourg. It is still in place.[86]. They wear diadems and have flowers in their hair, and carry twigs of the tree of life, or fruit. A Romanesque portal opens to the cloister outside. By car Served by the A4 and the A35. The cathedral was built in Gothic style. Work on the church was frequently interrupted by wars and political crises. With its elaborate astrological clock and red sandstone surface, a visit to the Cathedral is a must. It is composed of an octagonal pillar surrounded by four engaged columns, which reach upwards to support the vaults, and four slender colonettes. [25] The three men completed the bell tower over the central part of the faade, in a design that moved away from Gerlach von Steinbach's initial idea of a central tower and whose precise authorship is unknown. The very beautiful stained glass windows date from the fourteenth century and is mostly a work by John Kircheim. Other moving figures include a trumpet player carrying a banner and a pretzel vendor being offered flour, water, and salt by the caryatides on the console. It has an asymmetrical facade (mainly 13th century) with fine . More recently, a group of six modern bells was cast in Heidelberg between 1974 and 1976; they range from 1.7 meters to 0.9 meters in diameter, and from 3.9 to 5.7 tons in weight. 300 years actually, give or take a few decade! [86], Life of the Virgin Mary tapestry - "The Nativity" (163857), The cathedral has a particularly fine group of fourteen tapestries depicting the life of the Virgin Mary. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Strasbourg and one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture in Europe. In 1682, the choir screen (built in 1252) was broken out to expand the choir towards the nave. In 1505, architect Jakob von Landshut and sculptor Hans von Aachen finished rebuilding the Saint-Lawrence portal (Portail Saint-Laurent) outside the northern transept in a markedly post-Gothic, early-Renaissance style. The church is located in the Alsace Region in eastern France, 2. Construction began in 1015, and it was largely completed in 1432. It was built on the site of a chapel from the Merovingian dynasty - the ruling family of the Franks from the middle of the fifth to the eighth centuries. When the Romans were driven out, the original structure was replaced by a temple dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The two rose windows above are later, from the 14th century, with vegetal designs. Strasbourg Cathedral is located in the heart of the Grande le, an island that lies at the historic centre of the north-eastern French city and has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1988. A monument has been erected in his honor in a town nearby called Steinbach which is part of the town of Baden-Baden, about 30 kilometers (20 miles) to the northeast of Strasbourg. The sculptor Jacques Zimmer added the heads of cherubs made of bronze. The Strasbourg Cathedral is impossible to miss as it towers above the surrounding buildings and is located in the center of the city. Decrees of the Emperor rendering justice were traditionally read out in front of this doorway. It was the highest building in the world from 1647 to 1874. The pillar was created in the middle of the 13th century, most probably by a group of sculptors from France or Burgundy. The portal outside the northern transept is equally fascinating, 10. [70], The chevet, at the northeast end of the cathedral, close to the transept, has vestiges that go back to the Romanesque cathedral, particularly at the lower levels. The first overhead vault before the cupola features a 19th-century painting of the Last Judgement by Charles Auguste Steinheil, a collaborator of Eugne Viollet-le-Duc and other notable cathedral-restorers. The new plan was inspired in part by French cathedrals, particularly the Basilica of Saint-Urbain of Troyes. The pilasters between the stairways are older, from 1015. STRASBOURG CATHEDRAL .925 Sterling Silver Charm Pendant Alsace France Europe Landmark Travel Souvenir New tf35 ad vertisement by HayleesSilver. [8], A set of "Emperor" windows, (Otto I, Otto II, Otto III, Conrad II, Henry III), Emperors Philip of Swabia, Henry IV, Henry V, Frederick II, Henry II of Bamberg, with head remounted on earlier body (1522), The five lower bays on the north side contain some of the oldest stained glass of the cathedral, installed in the old Romanesque cathedral in about 1180. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap of the kind the Enrags themselves wore. The Bishop appealed to the new Emperor, who granted one eighth of his revenues in the province toward the construction of a new Cathedral. Its place as the bourdon, or largest and deepest-sounding bell, was taken by an older bell, the "Totenglock", or "Death bell", which was traditionally used for mourning. Strasbourg Cathedral is a beautiful Gothic cathedral in the city of Strasbourg, France. This massive faade was decorated with thousands of figures giving it a unique and magnificent impression! [67], The Klotz designed crossing dome over the transept, The crossing dome being built, 1878 or 1879, Romanesque vaults beneath the Klotz crossing dome. The central art work of the North Transept is a large statue of Christ on the cross, over a sculptural landscape depicting the Mount of Olives, crowded with carved figures in dramatic poses. During the French Revolution in the late 18th century, churches in France were in great danger. A first Romanesque cathedral was built in the 11th century which later burnt to the ground. Strasbourg is, indeed, in France. Its the capital of the Grand Est region of France in the historic region of Alsace. de la Cathdrale, 67000 Strasbourg, France Phone +33 3 88 21 43 34 Web Visit website A masterpiece of Gothic architecture, Notre-Dame Cathedral rivals its more famous counterpart in Paris. [83] The present clock was built by Jean-Baptiste Schwilgu between 1837 and 1842.[83]. This faade has been credited to Erwin von Steinback and is considered to be an absolute masterpiece of the Gothic Era. Johann Knauth, le sauveur de la cathdrale", "Les rcentes fouilles de Strasbourg (19471948), leurs rsultats pour la chronologie d'Argentorate", "Dcouverte majeure sous la cathdrale: un bassin antique serait la premire piscine baptismale de Strasbourg", "Des lgionnaires romains aux btisseurs de la cathdrale: la fouille de la place du Chteau Strasbourg", "1340 1371: Construction de la chapelle Sainte-Catherine et de la tour nord", "LA CATHDRALE DE STRASBOURG CATHDRALE FRANAISE? One of the most fascinating facts about Strasbourg Cathedral is that it took hundreds of years to complete. HayleesSilver From shop HayleesSilver. The northern transept is decorated with the Emperor Windows, also referred to as the Kaiserfenster.. [40], In 1903, the architect Johann Knauth discovered cracks on the first pillar of the northern side of the nave. 26 November the Church (majestic and crowned), King Solomon (above two other small statues of children evoking his famous judgement), and the Synagogue (eyes blindfolded, a sign of the refusal of true faith by the Jewish religion). 5 out of 5 stars (7,356) $ 17.50. [37] It measures 142 m (466 ft) and remained the tallest building in the world until 1847. Several of the original Romanesque structures were torn down to make way for this revolutionary new architectural style. [60], As with all the other portals, several of the statues have been replaced by copies in situ and are today displayed in the Muse de l'uvre Notre-Dame. The cathedral was built in Gothic style. [80], The north transept also contains the two baptismal fonts, one circular and one octagonal, in their own architectural settings, They were made by Jost Dotzinger in 1453. These windows date to about 1345. The Muse de l'uvre Notre-Dame, or Museum of the Work of Notre-Dame, is located in a medieval and Renaissance building not far from the cathedral, and displays a collection of some of the most delicate original works of sculpture and art from Cathedral, moved there to protect them from environmental damage. The European capital and the capital of Alsace, Strasbourg exudes youthfulness and energy. The wicked attempt, without success, to seduce the noble Virgins, but succeed with the foolish virgins. It is surrounded by a big place where tourists and inhabitants of Strasbourg like to take a walk. One can see 30 kilometers from the observation level, which provides a view of the Rhine banks from the Vosges all the way to the Black Forest. Schedule: Monday to Saturday: 8:30 to 11:15 a.m. and 12:45 to 5:45 p.m. Sundays and feast days: 2 to 5:15 p.m. May be closed to visiting during services. [18], The next major step was the reconstruction of the nave into the Gothic style, which took place between 1240 and 1274. They were manufactured between 1638 and 1657 in Paris by Pierre Damour. The main architect and the man credited with most of the cathedrals design was Erwin von Steinbach (1244-1318), a German architect. The visual effect of the faade is enhanced by its unusual darkish red stone. He was followed by a Michael von Freiburg (also known as Michael von Gmnd, or Michael Parler, from the Parler family of architects), recorded as magister operis in 13831387,[24] who was then succeeded by Claus von Lohre (13881399). [83], The apse, with the Virgin of Alsace window (1956), Crowning of Mary, by Eduard Steinle in the vault of the apse, The apse of the cathedral, the hemispherical vault behind the altar on the northeast end, features Romanesque and Gothic architecture overlaid with 19th-century Neo-Romanesque decoration, The paintings on the half-dome and walls were made by douard Steinl in 187779, in the style of a Byzantine mosaic. The work of Professor Robert O. Bork of the University of Iowa suggests that the design of the Strasbourg faade, while seeming almost random in its complexity, can be constructed using a series of rotated octagons. The walls of the tower have tall lancet openings, which show the bells and bring light into the interior, and are decorated on the exterior with interlocking pointed gables. A trick saved the cathedrals spire during the French Revolution, 13. The rose window, with a rayonnant Gothic design, is fourteen metres in diameter and was finished in 1345. It houses one of the biggest astronomical clocks in the world, 15. On the south side of the nave, the upper walls have windows depicting female saints, including local saints from Alsace or Strasbourg. This project was completed in 1926, after the end of the war. [84], In 2004 the apse and choir received some of its historic furnishings; fifteen choir stalls made by Claude Burdy and Claude Bergerat in 1692, as well as a group of busts of the apostles originally placed there in the 18th century. Strasbourg Cathedral (1015-1439) is an absolute masterpiece of Gothic art. These are the best places for couples seeking sights & landmarks in Strasbourg: Cathedrale Notre Dame de Strasbourg; La Petite France; glise Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune; Barrage Vauban; Centre-ville de Strasbourg; See more sights & landmarks for couples in Strasbourg on Tripadvisor The cathedral was eventually surpassed in height by the St. Nikolai Church in Hamburg, Germany. These windows consist of 5 sets and depict 19 Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. [8], The nave is dominated by the two rows of massive pillars. Lets take a closer look at some of the most interesting facts about Strasbourg Cathedral. And finally, here's my list of the top 4 packing essentials you shouldn't head to the Strasbourg Cathedral without. The arched tympanum over the doors of the central portal is crowded with sculpture, as are the voussures, the stone arches around the door. Climbing up to the Cathedral's platform and guard house is a thrilling experience. At 142 metres (466 feet), Strasbourg Cathedral was the world's tallest building from 1647 to 1874 (227 years), when it was surpassed by St. Nikolai's Church, Hamburg. Strasbourg Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Strasbourg, France. A statue on the west side of the pillar represents a famed preacher contemporary with the cathedral; Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg (d. 1510); a small sculpture along the railing of the stairs depicts Geiler's dog, mourning his master on steps of the pulpit where he once preached. The urban community is the residence for 467,375 people, while the city proper was occupied by 272,975 people based on the report in 2006. Archaeological excavations below and around the cathedral have been conducted in 1896-1897, 1907, 1923-1924, 1947-1948, between 1966 and 1972, and finally between 2012 and 2014.. However, the official ownership of the structure was given, and belongs today, to the French state, and it is administered by the Mayor of Strasbourg. The choir was given its multicolour painted decoration, by douard Steinl and Charles Auguste Steinheil, finished in 1879. Cathedral facts for kids. [84], Canon Conrad de Bussnang praying to Virgin and Child. One of the most remarkable facts about Strasbourg Cathedral is that even though its considered to be the epitome of a church in the Gothic architectural style, the first phase consisted of Romanesque buildings. [57] Following their destruction during the French Revolution, several of the sculptures have been replaced in the 19th century by works by Philippe Grass,[58] Jean-tienne Malade,[59] and Jean Vallastre. They were eventually returned and installed, along with numerous other works of art, by the specially created Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives section of the United States military. Judgement of Solomon at Strasbourg Cathedral. The portals are set forward from the front of the church by the network of slender columns, spires and arches which form an outer decorative wall. [72], The three levels of the nave; arcades and collateral aisles (bottom); triforium, and upper windows, The nave is the section of the cathedral between the narthex and the choir where ordinary parishioners are seated and worship. Above this level is a celestial globe in a sky of painted stars which makes a complete revolution every 23 hours, fifty-six minutes and four seconds. The tympanum was destroyed in the French Revolution and replaced by a work by the sculptor Jean Vallastre[fr] (17651833). [61], Lower portion of octagonal tower and spire, The octagonal tower and spire (remote view), The cathedral was originally intended to have two towers on the west front, but only the north one was built. It is decorated with four vertical groups of statue-columns, depicting scenes from Christ and the Last Judgement, as well as four angels carrying the instruments of the Passion, and above that, four more angels sounding trumpets. Full description. Type of place: Religious site. Today, about 275,000 people live there (with around 780,000 in the metropolitan area ). The cathedral was one of the earliest structures built with exterior flying buttresses. The columns are purely decorative, and are so thin they are compared to the strings of a harp. Built entirely in the Middle Ages, Strasbourg Cathedral was the tallest building in the world for more than 200 years. These include some of the original statues from the portals and faade dating from the 13th century, including the statues of "The Church" and "The Synagogue" from the portal of the south transept. Recent Boards {{ board.name }} {{ board.total_asset_count }} View all Boards View all Sets CREATE BOARD. Among the paintings, those worthy of mention are the "Assumption of the Virgin" and "Ascension of Christ", by Joseph Heim (1787-1865). The city celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in October of the year 1988 because it was first mentioned as the Ancient Roman settlement of Argentoratum in the year 12 B.C. In addition to being one of the finest examples of high Gothic architecture remaining today, Strasbourg Cathedral has a fascinating history spanning hundreds of years. It was decorated with paintings by the Swiss painter Tobias Stimmer. There are two altars fixed to west pillars of the crossing, both from the 16th century; one devoted to Saint Pancras of Rome and the other to Saint Maurice. On the bottom, figures of the Four Seasons surround a mechanical astrolabe, which indicates the location of the planets according to Copernicus, and is surrounded by the signs of the zodiac. [46] and stored in a salt mine near Heilbronn, Germany. The vaults are supported by a circular pillar with modest decorative stone rings. On the south side, the upper windows depict soldiers, popes, bishops, and other masculine figures. This part of the clock is surrounded by painted figures representing the ancient empires Greece, Assyria, Persia, and Rome. It was the tallest building in the world for a period of 227 years, 6. In 1905 he began taking measures to consolidate and strengthen the north side of the west facade, which supports the spire. Let's find out the people who live in Strasbourg. Archaeological excavations below and around the cathedral have been conducted in 18961897,[11] 1907,[12] 19231924,[13] 19471948,[14] between 1966 and 1972,[15] and finally between 2012 and 2014. Different characters, representing the ages of life (from a child to an old man) parade in front of Death. [35] Fragments can be seen in the Muse de luvre Notre-Dame. Select from premium Strasbourg Strasbourg Cathedral of the highest quality. Media in category "Strasbourg Cathedral organ" The following 102 files are in this category, out of 102 total. The Strasbourg Cathedral in France is known for its unique spire, because of it the cathedral was the highest monument in the world for more than two centuries! A little history about Notre-Dame de Strasbourg Strasbourg's cathedral is an emblematic monument of the city, built on a site that was occupied by an important Roman camp when the city was called Argentoratum, and which has hosted many places of worship over the centuries. The capitals of the columns are decorated with dragons and other mythical creatures. Above this is a colourful clock with the signs of the zodiac. The cathedral was hit by British and American bombs during air raids on the centre of Strasbourg on 11 August 1944, which also heavily damaged the Palais Rohan and the Sainte-Madeleine Church. A bas-relief of an abstracted Gothic cathedral will emerge on the . This magnificent cathedral is located in the city of Strasbourg in the eastern part of the country. He reconstructed the dome over the transept in a grander, Romanesque Revival style. Strasbourg Cathedral in France is famous for its western facade. Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg , also known as Strasbourg Minster, is a Catholic cathedral in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. I love my Sony A6000, which is light, compact and . As with the other portals of the cathedral, most of the statues now to be seen in situ are copies, the originals having been moved to the Muse de luvre Notre-Dame.[32]. The exterior height of the central nave reaches an astounding 40 meters (130 feet) as well. Is Strasbourg in Germany or France? [48] The bishopric of Strasbourg had been elevated to the rank of archbishopric a few months before, in June 1988. Strasbourg is located close to the border of Germany. The design is composed of a series of unfolded arches which rest on a submerged "Latin Cross" floor plan. .The lower part of the massive base of the clock has statues of Apollo and the Goddess Diana presenting a circular calendar of the liturgical year, whose revolving face with a globe points to the dates of major religious festivals and events. #1 A Good Camera - No doubt you're going to be snapping like crazy with these amazing Cathedral views and need to ensure you have a good camera to do this city justice. The Palais Rohan (Rohan Palace) in Strasbourg is the former residence of the prince-bishops and cardinals of the House of Rohan, an ancient French Noble family originally from Brittany.. This was changed and the French Gothic style or Rayonnant Gothic was used for most parts of the cathedral starting in the 13th century. Strasbourg Cathedral is over one thousand years old. Formerly the floor of the crossing was filled with tombs of notable religious figures, but they were moved in later reconstructions. The Bayeux Tapestry is without a doubt the most fascinating Romanesque artwork that was ever produced. A paleochristian church or cathedral is believed to have been founded by an edict of Clovis I, but its exact location and appearance is unknown. Bishop Heinrich I von Hasenburg (1181 March 25, 1190) decided to construct a new cathedral, to be more beautiful than that of Basel Munster, which was just being finished. The clock shows much more than the official time; it also indicates solar time, the day of the week (each represented by a god of mythology), the month, the year, the sign of the zodiac, the phase of the moon and the position of several planets. The original construction of the church on its current location started in the year 1015. In 1015, bishop Werner laid the first stone of a new cathedral on the foundations of the Carolingian church. ABOUT Strasbourg Cathedral: discover the Gothic masterpiece! Strasbourg Cathedral still holds a remarkable record, 7. It is the third clock on that spot and dates from th. The reason is simply that the intention was to eventually build the south tower, but this never happened, resulting in the buildings distinctive form today. Its considered to be the epitome of French Gothic architecture, 5. Built of red Vosges sandstone, it is a harmonious edifice despite the variety of its architectural styles. This cathedral was then again replaced by a more prominent structure which consisted of three naves and three apses, and it was on the ruins of this Carolingian cathedral that the original modern-day cathedral was constructed in 1015. [50], The restoration of the tower was completed in 2006, and in 2014 a new campaign of restoration was begun on the south transept. [85], The cathedral has two Romanesque crypts, the oldest parts of the cathedral. [16], A Roman settlement called Argentoratum, twenty hectares in size, existed on the site since about 12 B.C., at a strategic point where bridges crossed the Rhine and two of its tributaries. [54][55] It presents a virtual theater of late Gothic flamboyant architecture and decoration, including three interlocking arches over the doors, containing a statue of the Saint during his martyrdom. One of the oldest gothic cathedrals in France and the world, along with the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. While the spire is the most prominent feature, the western faade is the most impressive element of the cathedrals design. A little-known treasure of Strasbourg, the gothic Eglise Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune was consecrated in 1053 by the Alsatian Pope Leo IX. The pulpit itself, in the form of a very ornate corbeille or basket, is entirely covered with colonettes, gables, pinnacles, and niches filled with sculpture, including images of Christ on the cross, a crowned Virgin Mary, Apostles, the Crucifixion, and well as Kings and doctors of the Church. . [84], The main altar, in the form of a tomb, is a recreation of an earlier altar in the rocaille or late baroque style, which had been damaged in a fire in 1759 and then ruined during the French Revolution. [56], Lintel decoration Mary ascends to Heaven, Ecclesia and Synagoga among other statues from the cathedral in the Muse de l'uvre Notre-Dame, The south portal, or Portal of the Virgin, dates to about the 1220s, the same time as the Pillar of the Angels and the Astronomic clock in the interior. The reverse of the central doors of the portal has a column statue of Saint Peter holding the keys of the kingdom and above it a blind rose, without glass, a miniature version of the large rose window above it. On a clear day, it can be seen all the way from the Vosges Mountains, a mountain range over 30 kilometers to the southeast of the city, and the Black Forest, a famous forest an equal distance to the east! It is the tallest building in the city and has been a World Heritage Site since 1988. Parcours "The Cathedral of Strasbourg" Streetcar line: Ligne A, D-Arrt : Langstross Grand'Rue. Here are the best facts about Strasbourg Cathedral 1. Figures of two reclining women hold a cadran (clock face) between them which tells the minutes. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg is the landmark of the city and known in the whole world. It was the highest building in the world from 1647 to 1874. During the Franco-Prussian War of 187071, city was under siege. The construction of this church is a mixture of Roman and Gothic architecture. [62][63][64][65][66], The eight-sided tower is three times higher than wide, more elongated than other Gothic towers of the 14th century. If you love heritage, culture and the art of living, there's no doubt that you'll fall in love with this city! Back in the day that Strasbourg was referred to as Argentoratum by the Ancient Romans, the site was already occupied by a Roman sanctuary. Walk through history on a guided walking tour of the Strasbourg Cathedral. [79]. The Neustadt draws the inspiration for its urban layout partially . 1. Today, the city is one of the most important cities in Europe as its home to several European institutions, including the European Parliament. Strasbourg Cathedral (official French: Notre-Dame de Strasbourg ,German: Liebfrauenmnster zu Straburg, Our Lady of Strasbourg) is the Cathedral in Strasbourg. Some of the capitals also have sculpted monsters and lions on the corners. Another two old bells by Mathieu Edel (1787) ring on the quarter hours. It is the least decorated side of the cathedral. Other This is also true for Ecclesia and Synagoga, arguably the most famous statues of the cathedral, if not of Strasbourg. In the south transept, the lancet and oculus windows in the two large bays on the east, built in 12201227, are modelled after those in the lower choir of Chartres Cathedral. [53], The portal of Saint-Laurent, on the north transept, The three Kings with the Virgin Mary and child, Original statues in the Muse de l'uvre Notre-Dame, The portal of Saint Lawrence, was added to the north transept between 1495 and 1505 by Jacob von (or Jacques de) Landshut, with sculptures by Hans von Aachen (aka Johan von Ach, or Jean d'Aix-la-Chapelle) and Conrad Sifer. With a height of 18 meters (59 feet), its one of the largest astrological clocks of its kind in the world! It dates to the end of the 15th century. [17] The first recorded bishop, Amand, participated in the Councils of Cologne and Sardique in 346 and 347. The cathedral in Strasbourg is widely known as one of the most beautiful gothic cathedrals in whole Europe. On the east wall, the windows depict Christ in Majesty, Saint Lawrence, a Virgin and Child, and John the Baptist. The church was repaired after each fire, and reconstructions and modifications made, but it retained its essentially Romanesque form, with thick walls, small windows and massive columns. Plans to rebuild and restore the Notre Dame Cathedral are underway, with donations pouring in from all over. The first astronomical clock was installed in the cathedral from 135254 until 1500. The first version of the church was starting to be built during 1015 by proposal of Bishop Werner von Habsburg, but fire destroyed most of . There are three stairways down to the crypt, the oldest, from the apse, dates to about 1150. This is crowned by the cross, which is surrounded by four smaller crosses and images of the host and chalice, elements of the liturgy of the Eucharist. The chapel contains the tomb of Bishop Conrad de Lichtenberg, made between 1310 and 1320, and now framed by flamboyant tripe arch. Strasbourg (UK: / s t r z b r /, US: / s t r s b r , s t r z-,-b r /, French: (); German: Straburg [tasbk] (); Bas Rhin Alsatian: Strossburi [dsbui] (), Haut Rhin Alsatian: Strossburig [dsbui] ()) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France and the official seat of the . The original statues were replaced by copies in the 20th century and are today kept in the Muse de l'uvre Notre-Dame. Theres a statue of the main architect next to the cathedral, 8. A professor of the University of Iowa even wrote a paper concluding that the faade indeed had a well-planned design as it was designed using a series of rotated octagons.
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